Chiaroscuro is the term used for the technique of drawing on coloured paper using a dark medium like ink, with white highlighting in perhaps gouache. It is the strong contrast of light and dark tones to create volume and a three-dimensional quality. It’s beginnings starting in the renaissance era with artists like Caravaggio and Leonardo, who understood that to create the solidity of form, you need to emphasise where the light hits an object.
I have taken a look at the artists below to understand how and why they used it in their work. I think the use of light is not only because of the era of candlelight or daylight but also for theatrical purposes too.
Caravaggio
I started looking at a few of ‘Caravaggio’s paintings and had noticed how the central focus was almost drawn to the lightest areas of his paintings. Which was also a subject brought up on while watching a clip on ‘The National Gallery’ Website, on how his use of light didn’t only help with the aesthetic enhancement of the painting but also with the message in which he was conveying. He would choose a pinnacle point in a narrative and almost highlight this moment with the accentuated use of light.
His paintings are dramatic and intense, even his ‘Still Life’s’ have a vibrant and interesting quality to them. In the painting ‘Saint Jerome’ the saints outstretched hand reaches across the table, where a skull sits highlighted, like the watchful eye of death.
I also found out that he did very little preparatory sketches before painting these great works, which I think can perhaps add to the theatrical element of a drawing or painting.
Caravaggio: His life and style in three paintings | National Gallery
Tintoretto
The Venetian artist Tintoretto, also known as ‘Il Furioso’ for his energetic style of painting, worked on large-scale biblical scenes with fantastic compositions and dramatic casts of light. The paintings look like as if the heavens themselves have opened and the characters and settings are swathed in this glorious ethereal light. The intense shade and light adding to the drama of the scenes he is depicting.
Rubens
Peter Paul Rubens was a Flemish artist specializing in altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, and history paintings of mythological and symbolic subjects. He was hugely influenced by the Italian masters like Titian, Tintoretto, Leonardo and Michelangelo, going on to copy the colouring and compositions of some of these artists in his own work.
I liked this painting below of an old lady shielding her eyes from the candle light with an infant at her side. I think it shows you how the technique could be used to create either natural light or in this instance artificial light.

Sources
Websites
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiaroscuro
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravaggio
https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/artists/michelangelo-merisi-da-caravaggio
https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/artists/jacopo-tintoretto
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintoretto
https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/artists/peter-paul-rubens
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens
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